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two-level grammar

Толкование Перевод

1 two-level grammar
1. двухуровневая грамматика
двухуровневая грамматика
—
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
- two-level grammar
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > two-level grammar
2 two-level grammar

s.

gramática de van Wijngaarden.

Nuevo Diccionario Inglés-Español > two-level grammar
3 Language

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reﬂection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chieﬂy governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Inﬂuenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
4 past

past [pα:st]

1. noun

   a. passé m

• in the past dans le passé ; (longer ago) autrefois

• several times in the past plusieurs fois dans le passé

• in the past, many of these babies would have died autrefois, beaucoup de ces bébés seraient morts

• she lives in the past elle vit dans le passé

• it's a thing of the past cela appartient au passé

• new vaccines could make these illnesses a thing of the past de nouveaux vaccins pourraient faire disparaître ces maladies

   b. ( = tense) passé m

• in the past au passé

2. adjective

   a. passé

• in times past jadis

• in past centuries pendant les siècles passés

• the past week la semaine dernière

• the past few days ces derniers jours

• she's been out of work for the past three years elle est au chômage depuis trois ans

• all that is now past tout cela c'est du passé

• past president ancien président m

   b. (Grammar) passé ; [verb] au passé ; [form, ending] du passé

3. preposition

   a. (beyond in time) plus de

• it is past 11 o'clock il est 11 heures passées

• half past three (British) trois heures et demie

• quarter past three (British) trois heures et quart

• at 20 past three (British) à 3 heures 20

• the train goes at five past (inf) (British) le train part à cinq (inf)

• she is past 60 elle a 60 ans passés

   b. ( = beyond in space) au delà de

• past it au delà

• just past the post office juste après la poste

• I think we've gone past it ( = missed it) je pense que nous l'avons dépassé

   c. ( = in front of) devant

• he goes past the house every day il passe tous les jours devant la maison

   d. ( = beyond limits of) I'm past caring j'ai cessé de m'en faire

• he's a bit past it (now) (inf) il n'est plus dans la course (inf)

• I wouldn't put it past her to have done it (inf) je la crois capable d'avoir fait ça

• I wouldn't put it past him cela ne m'étonnerait pas de lui

4. adverb

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When past is an element in a phrasal verb, eg let past, run past, look up the verb.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ devant

• to go or walk past passer

5. compounds

► past historic noun passé m simple

► past master noun

• to be a past master at sth être expert en qch

• to be a past master at doing sth avoir l'art de faire qch ► past participle noun participe m passé

► past perfect noun plus-que-parfait m

► past tense noun passé m

• in the past tense au passé

* * *

Note: For a full set of translations for past used in clocktime consult the Usage Note
[pɑːst], US [pæst] 1.
noun

1) gen passé m

in the past — dans le passé

she has a past — elle a un passé chargé

2) Linguistics (also past tense) passé m

in the past — au passé
2.
adjective

1) ( preceding) dernier/-ière

2) ( former) [times, achievements, problems, experience] passé; [president, incumbent] ancien/-ienne; [government] précédent

in times past — autrefois, jadis

3) ( finished)

summer is past — l'été est fini

that's all past — c'est du passé
3.
preposition

1) ( moving)

to walk ou go past somebody/something — passer devant quelqu'un/quelque chose

to drive past something — passer devant quelque chose (en voiture)

2) ( in time)

it's past 6 — il est 6 heures passées

twenty past two — deux heures vingt

half past two — deux heures et demie

he is past 70 — il a 70 ans passés

3) ( beyond in position) après

past the church — après l'église

4) ( beyond a certain level)

the temperature soared past 40°C — la température est montée brutalement à plus de 40°C

he didn't get past the first chapter — il n'est pas allé plus loin que le premier chapitre

he didn't get past the first interview — il n'a pas passé la barrière du premier entretien

5) ( beyond scope of)

to be past understanding — dépasser l'entendement

to be past caring — ne plus s'en faire

he is past playing football — ce n'est plus de son âge de jouer au foot
4.
adverb

1) ( onwards)

to go ou walk past — passer

2) ( ago)

two years past — il y a deux ans

••

to be past it — (colloq) avoir passé l'âge

to be past its best — [food] être un peu avancé; [wine] être un peu éventé

I wouldn't put it past him to do — je ne pense pas que ça le gênerait de faire

English-French dictionary > past
5 book

1. книга, литературное произведение

book edge — обрез книги

red book — красная книга

big book — большая книга

book back — корешок книги

dry book — скучная книга

2. том; издание

a hefty book — увесистый том

producing a book — издание книги

book in part — издание в выпусках

book in parts — издание в выпусках

book in number — издание в выпусках

3. азбука

4. букварь

abroad books

A-B-C book — букварь

5. литература, отпечатанная за рубежом

children's book — детская литература

travel book — туристическая литература

dirt book market — книжный рынок бульварной литературы

juvenile book sector — сектор или секция литературы для юношества

sales of children's book clubs — реализация детской литературы через клубы любителей детской книги

6. зарубежная литература

accession book — инвентарная книга

address book — адресная книга, адресный справочник

adult book — книга для взрослых читателей

adult hardbound trade books — книги торгового ассортимента для взрослых читателей в твёрдой переплётной крышке

adult paperbound books — книги для взрослых читателей в бумажной обложке

adventure books — приключенческая литература

allusion book — сборник ссылок к произведениям известного писателя

alphabetical book — книга с алфавитным расположением материала

ancient book — антикварная книга

annotated book — книга, снабжённая примечаниями

anopistographic block book — книга с текстом, отпечатанным с деревянных досок на одной стороне листа

antiquarian book — антикварная книга

apocryphal books — апокрифы

art book — книга по искусству

assembled book — подобранный книжный блок

as-told-to book — книга, созданная писателем по устным рассказам или запискам известной личности

audio book — книга, начитанная на кассету

autumn book — книга, которая выйдет в свет осенью

auxiliary book — приложение; указатель к печатному изданию

award-winning books — призовые издания

backlist books — книги, находящиеся в печати

bargain book — книга, продаваемая по значительно сниженной цене

best-selling book — бестселлер, ходкая книга

big book — книга с хорошо организованным рынком сбыта

biography books — биографическая литература

to flood the book market with dirt — наводнить книжный рынок бульварной или порнографической литературой

7. бухгалтерская отчётно-конторская книга

book corner — уголок книги

book of books — книга книг

cheap book — дешевая книга

debt book — долговая книга

dull book — скучная книга

8. книга, состоящая из чистых листов-бланков для записей

block book — книга, отпечатанная с деревянных форм; ксилографическая книга

open book — открытая книга

order book — книга заказов

size of book — объем книги

slow book — скучная книга

stack of book — стопа книг

9. "Синяя книга"; книга, содержащая официальные материалы английского парламента

till book — кассовая книга

area book — зональная книга

book of acts — книга деяний

cargo book — грузовая книга

tough book — суровая книга

10. "Синяя книга" правительств штатов США

business and professional books — деловая и профессиональная литература

career books — литература о выборе профессии

cartoon book — сборник карикатур

casebound book — книга в твёрдой переплётной крышке

cataloged book — каталогизированная книга, книга, внесённая в каталог

caved-in book — книга с вогнутым внутрь обложки передним обрезом

a book of life — книга жизни

a yawny book — скучная книга

book selling — продажа книг

chant book — певческая книга

lost book — утраченная книга

11. детская книга

book pocket — кармашек книги

sex book — эротическая книга

shoddy book — дрянная книга

stodgy book — скучная книга

Blue Book — " Голубая книга "

12. детская литература

circulation book — книга отдела абонемента, книга, подлежащая выдаче

children's picture book — детска книжка — картинка

13. книга заказов

Red data book — Красная книга

book opening — разворот книги

book trade — торговля книгами

fusty book — устаревшая книга

learned book — мудрёная книга

14. книга, изданная целиком на средства автора

composite book — сборник

computer printed book — издание, полученное на распечатывающем устройстве ЭВМ

contents book — блок-карточный каталог для записи содержания книг, заглавий, томов или номеров периодических и серийных изданий

controlled-vocabulary books — книги, написанные с использованием ограниченного словаря

controversial book — книга, вызывающая противоречивые отклики

cookery book — поваренная книга

course books — книги для юношества о выборе идеала

curious book — книга курьёзов

current book — текущее издание

cut flush book — книга, обрезанная после вставки блока в переплётную крышку или крытья обложкой

dated book — устаревшая книга

produced a book — издал книгу

pull a book — разбирать книгу

vestry book — церковная книга

book design — оформление книги

book finishing — отделка книги

15. настольная книга

book note — аннотация на книгу

book of Mormon — книга Мормона

book pathology — старение книг

bulletin book — книга приказов

business book — торговая книга

16. справочник

desk-top reference book — настольный справочник

data book — справочник

hand book — справочник

reference book — справочник

book of reference — справочник

road book — дорожный справочник

17. книга, полученная в дар; дарственный экземпляр

callsign book — книга позывных

pulled a book — разобрал книгу

recipe book — кулинарная книга

run on a book — спрос на книгу

scholarly book — научная книга

18. книга регистрации подаренных изданий

double title book — книга с двойным титулом; книга с двойным названием

dwarf book — миниатюрная книга

early printed book — старопечатная книга

script book — рукописная книга

to read a book — читать книгу

bind a book — переплетать книгу

book balance — сальдо по книгам

book in sheets — книга в листах

19. учебник

lesson book — учебник

instruction book — учебник

grammar book — учебник грамматики

educational book — учебник, учебное пособие

to crack a book — открыть учебник и начать долбить

20. педагогическая книга

elephantine book — книга на дощечках из слоновой кости

el-hi books — учебники для начальной и средней школ

embossed book — книга для слепых с выпуклыми печатными знаками

exercise book — тетрадь

extra book — дополнительно выданная книга

book parcel — посылка с книгами

cashier's book — кассовая книга

commission book — книга заказов

produce a book — издавать книгу

reject book — бракованная книга

21. популярно написанная книга; научно-популярная книга

a book on birds — книга о птицах

book building — композиция книги

book designer — оформитель книги

book holder — подставка для книг

book of complaints — книга жалоб

22. книга о событиях

fall book — книга, которая выйдет в свет осенью

faulty book — испорченная книга

fiction book — беллетристическое произведение

film book — микрофильмированная книга

signal book — сигнальный код

book of samples — книга образцов

book on art — книга по искусству

clever book — талантливая книга

day book — журнал; книга записей

23. книга для начального чтения

clip book — альбом для вырезок

delightful book — занятная книга

this book is hers — эта книга её

to publish a book — издать книгу

book allowance — деньги на книги

24. первый сборник упражнений по чтению и правописанию

fiscal blue book — "Синяя книга" английского правительства, содержащая статистические и данные о промышленности и торговле

floxed book — книга с пятнами плесени

folded book — книга-раскладка; книга, страницы которой сложены "гармошкой", книга-ширма

folio book — книга форматом в пол-листа

foreign book — иностранная книга

forthcoming book — книга, которая скоро выйдет в свет

fragrance books — ароматизированные книги

free bonus book — бесплатная книга-премия

full-color picture books — многокрасочные книжки-картинки

game book — сборник игр; книжка-забава

code book — сборник кодов

fable book — сборник басен

problem book — сборник задач

funny book — сборник комиксов

riddle book — сборник загадок

25. книга, об издании которой было объявлено, но которая не издавалась

gift book — подарочная книга

gilt-edged book — книга с позолоченными обрезами

gilt top book — книга с позолоченным верхним обрезом

golden book — "золотая книга", в которую золотыми буквами вписывались фамилии итальянской знати

guard book — книга с прокладками для выравнивания корешка по толщине

handy book — книга, удобная для пользования

hardbound book — книга в твёрдой переплётной крышке

hard-cover mass market books — книги массового ассортимента в твёрдой переплётной крышке

hard-cover supplementary reading books — книги для дополнительного чтения в твёрдой переплётной крышке

hard-cover trade books — книги торгового ассортимента в твёрдой переплётной крышке

heavily used book — книга, пользующаяся большим спросом; зачитанная книга

higher-priced paper book — книга, печатаемая на дорогостоящей бумаге

book support — подставка для книг

class book — педагогическая книга

demands book — книга учета заявок

table-top book — настольная книга

telephone book — телефонная книга

26. сборник увлечений

hobby book — сборник увлечений

drill book — сборник упражнений

vesper book — сборник песнопений

book of precedents — сборник судебных прецедентов

to assemble a book — составлять книгу; делать сборник

27. книга об увлечениях

honor book — издание, получившее премию на конкурсе

hot-melt book — блок, скреплённый термоклеем

how-to book — практическое руководство

illuminated book — богато иллюстрированная книга

illustrated book — иллюстрированная книга

imposition book — сборник вариантов раскладки бумажного листа; сборник вариантов фальцовки

informational books — информативная литература

inner book — книжный блок

insetted book — книжный блок, вставленный в переплётную крышку

junior book — детская книга

juvenile books — литература для юношества

juvenile trade books — юношеская литература торгового ассортимента

know-how book — руководство; самоучитель

law book — свод законов

leather-backed book — книга с кожаным корешком

leather-bound book — книга в кожаном переплёте

the doom of a book — провал книги

to back a book — переплести книгу

to get a book — приобрести книгу

visiting book — книга посетителей

account book — бухгалтерская книга

28. письмовник

29. журнал исходящей корреспонденции

library book — библиотечная книга

limited-field book — книга узко ограниченной тематики

literary-bibliographical reference book — литературно-библиографический справочник

literary classics book — сборник произведений классической литературы

little-used book — малочитаемая книга

bridge book — вахтенный журнал

charge book — плавочный журнал

flight book — бортовой журнал

Blue book — журнал спецификаций

record book — журнал наблюдений

30. непереплетённая книга

book on approval — книга на отзыве

inventory book — инвентарная книга

legible book — удобочитаемая книга

manuscript book — рукописная книга

moral book — нравоучительная книга

31. блок, скреплённый разъёмными скобами

book sewing — шитье блоков

book joint — закраина блока

book nipping — обжим блоков

book shoulder — закраина блока

book spine — корешок книжного блока

32. книга со свободно скреплёнными листами; издание в виде листков

lost book

the back of a book — корешок книги

the book lies open — книга открыта

to hunt for a book — искать книгу

to open a book — раскрывать книгу

to set up a book — набирать книгу

33. утраченная книга

visitors' book — книга посетителей

adapted book — адаптированная книга

antiquated book — антикварная книга

body of book — главная часть книги

book carriage — подставка для книг

34. книга, о существовании которой известно только по библиографическим или литературным источникам

mail-order books — книги, издаваемые и распространяемые по почтовым заказам потребителей

book debt — долг по расчётной книге

book price — цена по торговой книге

book production — изготовление книг

book publication — публикация книги

book reviewer — литературный критик

35. книги по смежным вопросам

edition-bound book — тиражная книга

missing book — отсутствующая книга

readable book — удобочитаемая книга

to get out a book — выпустить книгу

book box — футляр для хранения книги

36. книги спорного содержания

mass market books — книги массового ассортимента

medalist books — издания, награждённые медалью выставки

medical books — медицинская литература

memo book — записная книжка

microfiche book — книга, записанная на микрофишах

mismatched book — неправильно подобранный блок

monthly books — ежемесячные издания

multipage book — многостраничная книга

multivolume book — многотомная книга, многотомник

music book — книга по музыке

new book — новая книга, новое поступление

noncirculating book — книга, не подлежащая выдаче

nonfiction book — книга научного содержания

novelty book — книжная новинка

objectionable books — книги предосудительного содержания

obsolete book — вышедшая из употребления книга; устаревшая книга

odd-sized book — книга нестандартного формата

old and used book — букинистическая книга

one-shot book — блок, скреплённый одноразовым нанесением клея

one-up book — одинарный блок

one-volume book — однотомная книга, однотомник

outsize book — книга необычно большого формата

book of remembrance — памятная книга

book ornamentation — украшение книги

desideratum book — книга — дезидерат

frivolous book — поверхностная книга

overrated book — перехваленная книга

37. книга в бумажной обложке

book cover — книжная обложка

reworked book — переработанная книга

to produce a book — выпустить книгу

an account book — бухгалтерская книга

betting book — книга для записей пари

38. брошюра

personalized books — детская литература, печатаемая избранными родителями кеглем и рисунком шрифта

phone book — телефонный справочник, телефонная книга

picture book — книга-картинка

pirated book — книга, изданная без разрешения владельца авторского права

play book — сборник пьес

pocket book — книга карманного формата

pocket reference book — карманный справочник

poetry books — поэтическая литература

pop-out picture book — книжка-игрушка с поднимающимися при раскрывании рисунками

pop-up book — книжка-игрушка

prayer book — молитвенник

preperforated book — предварительно перфорированная книга

prescribed book — рекомендованная для чтения книга

press book — книга, выпущенная частным издательством

preview book — буклет с выдержками из готовящейся к печати книги

printed book — печатная книга

saddle-stitched book — брошюра, сшитая внакидку

39. задачник

40. сборник задач

processed books — книги, прошедшие библиотечную обработку

professional books — профессиональная литература; литература по специальности

pulled book — расшитая книга

puzzle book — сборник головоломок

quarto book — книга в формате кварто

rag book — детская книга, отпечатанная на высокопрочной тряпичной бумаге

ragged old book — старая истрёпанная книга

fake book — песенник, сборник текстов популярных песен

run book — документация по задаче; книга регистрации вычислительных работ

high-interest low-reading level book — сборник произведений, интересных для школьников

41. хорошо написанная книга

book review — рецензия на новую книгу

closed book — книга за семью печатями

property book — книга учета имущества

rare book section — отдел редких книг

seminal book — основополагающая книга

42. удобочитаемая книга

reading book — книга для чтения

superficial book — несерьёзная книга

the message of the book — идея книги

this book stinks — это паршивая книга

to adapt a book — адаптировать книгу

to move a book off — отодвинуть книгу

43. "Красная книга"; официальная книга пэров

to recast a book — переработать книгу

to revise a book — переработать книгу

absorbing book — увлекательная книга

book gilding — золочение обрезов книги

factual book — научно-популярная книга

44. порнографическая книга

patchy book — неровно написанная книга

the book belongs to me — это моя книга

to review a book — рецензировать книгу

topical book — остросовременная книга

vicious book — книга, развращающая умы

45. эротическая книга

sewed book — книга, сшитая нитками

side-wired book — книга, скреплённая проволокой втачку

singing book — песенник, сборник песен

softbound book — книга в обложке

softbound mass market books — книги массового ассортимента в обложке

softbound trade books — книги торгового ассортимента в обложке

sound-recorded book — "говорящая книга", книга со звуковым приложением

specialized book — книга по специальности

specimen book — каталог образцов шрифтов

spring book — книга, которая выйдет в свет весной

square book — книга, ширина которой больше 3

stabbed book — книга, сшитая втачку

stapled book — книга, скреплённая металлическими скобами

stiff book — трудно раскрывающаяся книга

stitched book — сшитая книга; сброшюрованная книга

subscription book — подписная книга

summer book — книга, которая выйдет в свет летом

supplementary books — дополнительная литература

talking book — "говорящая" книга, книга со звуковым приложением

thrilling book — книга захватывающего содержания

thumb book — миниатюрная книга

book gilding — золочение обрезов книги

book under review — рецензируемая книга

filmed book — микрофильмированная книга

he picked out a book — он вытащил книгу

indifferent book — посредственная книга

46. литература массового издания

book in many volumes — многотомное издание

vest pocket book — книга карманного издания

license a book — давать право на издание книги

deluxe edition of book — роскошное издание книги

licensing a book — дающий право на издание книги

47. книги торгового ассортимента

travel book

long book — большая бухгалтерская книга

loose-leaf book — непереплетенная книга

pretentious book — претенциозная книга

the damnation of a book — разнос книги

thoughtful book — содержательная книга

48. книга о путешествиях

to dip into a book — перелистать книгу

to gut a book — понять содержание книги

to hammer at a book — штудировать книгу

young adult book — книга для подростков

a book of travels — книга о путешествиях

49. туристическая литература

trimmed flush book — книга, поля которой обрезаны вместе с обложкой

two-shot book — блок, скреплённый бесшвейным способом с двукратным нанесением клея

two-up book — двойник, двойной блок

type specification book — книга с образцами шрифтов, каталог шрифтов

unbacked book — книжный блок

unbound book — непереплетённая книга

uncut book — необрезанная книга

undated book — недатированная книга, книга без выходной даты

university press book — университетское издание

unpaged book — книга с ненумерованными страницами, книга без пагинации

unprocessed books — необработанные книги

unpublished book — неизданная книга; книга в рукописи

untrimmed book — необрезанная книга

used book — подержанная книга

vacation book — "лёгкая" для чтения книга

50. книга из списка "на очередь"

black book — чёрный список

be on the book — быть в списках

an example of a book — экземпляр книги

antiquarian book — букинистическая книга

desk book — настольная книга; справочник

51. книга из списка дезидератов

washing book — моющаяся книга

white book — "Белая книга" ; книга, содержащая отчёт о деятельности английского правительства

wide-margined book — книга с широкими полями

winter book — книга, которая выйдет в свет зимой

wire-bound book — книга, скреплённая проволокой

withdrawal book — книга регистрации исключений из фонда

work book — сборник упражнений

worn book — физически изношенная книга

wrapped book — книга в суперобложке

writing book — книга с чистыми листами; записная книжка

yellow book — "Жёлтая книга" ; книга, содержащая отчёт о деятельности правительства

first printed book — первопечатная книга

getup of book — внешнее оформление книги

second-hand book — букинистическая книга

taped the section of a book — сшил книгу

to cut up a book — раскритиковать книгу

English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > book
6 sound

sound [saʊnd]

bruit ⇒ 1 (a) son ⇒ 1 (a)-(d) musique ⇒ 1 (e) sonde ⇒ 1 (g), 1 (h) solide ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c) en bon état ⇒ 3 (a) sain ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (b) en bonne santé ⇒ 3 (b) sensé ⇒ 3 (c) valable ⇒ 3 (c) bon ⇒ 3 (c), 3 (d) profond ⇒ 3 (e) sonore ⇒ 4 sonner ⇒ 6 (a), 7 (a) prononcer ⇒ 6 (b) ausculter ⇒ 6 (c) sonder ⇒ 6 (c)-(e) résonner ⇒ 7 (a) retentir ⇒ 7 (a) sembler ⇒ 7 (c)

1 noun

(a) (noise → of footsteps, thunder, conversation) bruit m; (→ of voice, musical instrument) son m;

∎ I was woken by the sound of voices/laughter j'ai été réveillé par un bruit de voix/par des éclats de rires;

∎ the sound of a dog barking/a door closing le bruit d'un chien qui aboie/d'une porte qui se ferme;

∎ a scratching sound un grattement;

∎ a grating sound un grincement;

∎ don't make a sound! surtout ne faites pas de bruit!;

∎ they tiptoed out without (making) a sound ils sont sortis sur la pointe des pieds sans faire de bruit;

∎ there was not a sound to be heard on n'entendait pas le moindre bruit;

∎ I love the sound of her voice j'adore le son de sa voix;

∎ the plaintive sound of the bagpipes le son plaintif de la cornemuse;

∎ within (the) sound of the church bells à portée du son des cloches de l'église

(b) Physics son m;

∎ light travels faster than sound la lumière se déplace plus vite que le son;

∎ the speed of sound la vitesse du son

(c) Linguistics son m;

∎ it's a similar sound to the Scots "ch" c'est un son qui ressemble au "ch" écossais;

∎ the English vowel sounds les sons mpl vocaliques de l'anglais

(d) Radio & Television son m;

∎ the sound is very poor le son est mauvais;

∎ to turn the sound up/down monter/baisser le son ou volume

(e) (type of music) style m de musique, musique f;

∎ the Liverpool sound la musique de Liverpool;

∎ a brand new sound has hit the charts un son complètement nouveau a fait son entrée au hit-parade

(f) (impression, idea)

∎ I don't like the sound of these new measures ces nouvelles mesures ne me disent rien qui vaille;

∎ it's pretty easy by the sound of it ça a l'air assez facile;

∎ he's angry by the sound of it on dirait bien qu'il est fâché

(g) Medicine (probe) sonde f

(h) Nautical (sounding line) (ligne f de) sonde f

(i) Geography (channel) détroit m, bras m de mer

(j) Ichthyology (air bladder) vessie f natatoire

2 sounds plural noun

familiar (music) zizique f, zicmu f

3 adjective

(a) (structure, building, wall → sturdy) solide; (→ in good condition) en bon état, sain;

∎ built on sound foundations construit sur des fondations solides

(b) (healthy → person) en bonne santé; (→ body, mind, limbs) sain;

∎ to be of sound mind être sain d'esprit;

∎ sound in body and mind sain de corps et d'esprit;

∎ to be as sound as a bell être en parfaite santé;

∎ to be sound of wind and limb avoir bon pied bon œil

(c) (solid, well-founded → advice, idea, strategy) sensé, judicieux; (→ argument, claim) valable, fondé, solide; (→ reason) valable; (→ basis, knowledge) solide; (→ manager, musician, lawyer etc) compétent, fiable; (→ investment) sûr; (→ company, business) solide;

∎ to show sound judgment faire preuve de jugement;

∎ do you think that was a sound move? croyez-vous que c'était une décision judicieuse;

∎ a sound piece of advice un bon conseil;

∎ we need somebody with a sound grasp of the subject il nous faut quelqu'un ayant de solides connaissances en la matière;

∎ my knowledge of German history isn't too sound mes connaissances en ce qui concerne l'histoire de l'Allemagne laissent à désirer;

∎ his grammar's pretty sound il a de bonnes bases en grammaire;

∎ it makes good sound sense c'est tout à fait raisonnable;

∎ Crawford seems a sound enough chap Crawford semble être quelqu'un en qui on peut avoir confiance;

∎ is she politically sound? ses convictions politiques sont-elles solides?;

∎ ecologically sound legislation législation f juste du point de vue écologique;

∎ sound financial position situation f financière saine;

∎ British familiar sound (as a pound)! super!, génial!

(d) (severe → defeat) total; (→ hiding) bon;

∎ he needs a sound thrashing il a besoin d'une bonne correction

(e) (deep → sleep) profond;

∎ I'm a very sound sleeper j'ai le sommeil profond

4 compound-forming noun

(level, recording) sonore; (broadcasting) radiophonique; Linguistics (change) phonologique

5 adverb

∎ to be sound asleep dormir profondément ou à poings fermés

6 transitive verb

(a) (bell) sonner; (wind instrument) sonner de;

∎ the huntsman sounded his horn le chasseur sonna du cor;

∎ to sound the horn klaxonner;

∎ the driver behind me sounded his horn le conducteur derrière moi a klaxonné;

∎ also figurative to sound the alarm sonner ou donner l'alarme;

∎ they sounded the church bells ils sonnèrent les cloches;

∎ the bugler sounded the reveille le clairon sonna le réveil;

∎ to sound a warning lancer un avertissement

(b) (pronounce) prononcer;

∎ the "p" isn't sounded le "p" ne se prononce pas;

∎ he doesn't sound his aitches il ne prononce pas ses "h"

(c) Medicine (chest, lungs) ausculter; (cavity, passage) sonder

(d) Nautical sonder

(e) (person) sonder;

∎ to sound public opinion sonder l'opinion publique;

∎ I'll try to sound their feelings on the matter j'essaierai de connaître leur sentiment à cet égard

7 intransitive verb

(a) (make a sound) sonner, résonner, retentir;

∎ it sounds hollow if you tap it ça sonne creux lorsqu'on tape dessus;

∎ their voices sounded very loud in the empty house leurs voix résonnaient bruyamment dans la maison vide;

∎ sirens sounded in the streets des sirènes retentissaient dans les rues;

∎ if the alarm sounds, run si vous entendez l'alarme, enfuyez-vous

(b) British (be pronounced) se prononcer;

∎ in English words are rarely spelt as they sound en anglais, les mots s'écrivent rarement comme ils se prononcent

(c) (seem) sembler, paraître;

∎ he sounded sad il semblait triste;

∎ he sounded bored il semblait s'ennuyer;

∎ the name sounded French le nom avait l'air d'être ou sonnait français;

∎ she sounds French elle a l'air d'être française;

∎ the translation still sounds a bit French la traduction sonne toujours un peu français;

∎ it doesn't sound very interesting to me ça ne m'a pas l'air très intéressant;

∎ "attractive four-bedroomed house", how does that sound? "belle maison avec quatre chambres à coucher", qu'est-ce que tu en penses?;

∎ (that) sounds like a good idea ça semble être une bonne idée;

∎ two weeks in Crete, that sounds nice! deux semaines en Crète, pas mal du tout!;

∎ that sounds like trouble! voilà les ennuis!;

∎ it sounds like Mozart on dirait du Mozart;

∎ you sound as though or as if or like you've got a cold on dirait que tu es enrhumé;

∎ it sounds to me as though they don't want to do it j'ai l'impression qu'ils ne veulent pas le faire;

∎ it doesn't sound to me as though they want to do it je n'ai pas l'impression qu'ils veuillent le faire;

∎ you sound just like your brother on the phone tu as la même voix que ton frère ou on dirait vraiment ton frère au téléphone;

∎ it's an instrument which sounds rather like a flute c'est un instrument dont le son ressemble assez à ou est assez proche de la flûte;

∎ that sounds like the postman now je crois entendre le facteur

►► sound archives phonothèque f;

∎ a recording from the BBC sound archives un enregistrement qui vient des archives de la BBC;

sound barrier mur m du son;

∎ to break the sound barrier franchir le mur du son;

Music sound box caisse f de résonance;

Computing sound card carte f son;

sound check soundcheck m;

Cinema, Television & Radio sound crew équipe f du son;

sound effects bruitage m;

Radio sound effects person bruiteur-(euse) m,f;

sound engineer ingénieur m du son;

sound hole (of violin, viola etc) ouïe f, esse f; (of guitar, lute etc) rosace f, rose f;

sound mixer table f ou console f de mixage;

sound reel bande f son;

Linguistics sound shift mutation f phonologique;

sound studio auditorium m ou studio m d'enregistrement;

sound system (hi-fi) chaîne f hifi; (PA system) sonorisation f;

sound wave onde f sonore

➲ sound off intransitive verb familiar

(a) (declare one's opinions) crier son opinion sur tous les toits; (complain) râler;

∎ he's always sounding off about the management il est toujours à râler contre la direction;

∎ to sound off at sb (angrily) passer un savon à qn

(b) (boast) se vanter^□

➲ sound out separable transitive verb

(person, public opinion) sonder;

∎ the company is sounding out potential buyers la compagnie sonde les acheteurs potentiels

✾ Book 'The Sound and the Fury' Faulkner 'Le Bruit et la fureur'

✾ Film 'The Sound of Music' Wise 'La Mélodie du bonheur'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > sound

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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two-level grammar

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